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            <title level="a">Burghart, Marjorie, ed. 2011. <title level="m">Album interactif de paléographie médiévale/Interactive Album of Mediaeval Palaeography.</title> Lyon: UMR 5648 CIHAM<ref
                  target="http://ciham.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/paleographie/"
                  > &lt;http://ciham.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/paleographie/></ref></title>
            <author>
               <name>Dot Porter</name>
               <address>
                  <addrLine>Associate Director for Digital Library Content and Services</addrLine>
                  <addrLine>IU Libraries</addrLine>
                  <addrLine><ref target="mailto:dot.porter@gmail.com">dot.porter@gmail.com</ref></addrLine>
               </address>
            </author>
            <editor role="commissioningeditor">
               <name>Rebecca Welzenbach</name>
               <address>
                  <addrLine>School of Information, University of Michigan</addrLine>
               </address>
            </editor>
            <editor role="acceptingeditor">
               <name>Rebecca Welzenbach</name>
               <address>
                  <addrLine>School of Information, University of Michigan</addrLine>
               </address>
            </editor>
         </titleStmt>
         <publicationStmt>
            <publisher>Digital Medievalist, University of Lethbridge</publisher>
            <pubPlace>Lethbridge AB, Canada T1K 3M4 </pubPlace>
            <availability>
               <p>© Dot Porter, 2011. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial licence</p>
            </availability>
            <!-- THE LAST DATE NEEDS TO BE CORRECTED -->
            <date n="received" when="2011-05-11">May 18, 2011</date>
            <date n="revised" when="2011-07-26">July 26, 2011</date>
            <date n="accepted" when="2011-07-26">August 1, 2011</date>
            <date n="published" when="2011-10-05">October 5, 2011</date>
         </publicationStmt>
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            <title>Digital Medievalist</title>
            <idno type="issue">7</idno>
            <idno type="date">2011</idno>
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               <term type="keyword">palaeography</term>
               <term type="keyword">elearning</term>               
               <term type="keyword">manuscripts</term>

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            <p xml:id="p0001">This site, published by the Digital Humanities programme of the UMR
               5648 - Histoire, Archéologie, Littératures des Mondes Chrétiens et Musulmans
               Médiévaux in France, offers a practical introduction to the
               art and science of reading manuscript texts. I hesitate to use the word "read" in
               this context, however. You need not be able to understand a language to learn to
               identify the letter forms and how those letters are combined to form words, and
               indeed this site focuses on the purely practical issue of being able to associate
               medieval glyphs with modern letter forms. </p>
            <p xml:id="p0002"> The site is made up of a collection of transcription exercises (there
               are currently 27). Example texts have been carefully selected to cover a variety of
               formats (including codices and single-page documents) and types of script from the
               ninth through the fifteenth centuries. They are drawn from a small number of
               continental European institutions (University of Cologne, the Abbey of Saint-Maurice,
               and St. Gallen are represented multiple times, as are various other holdings of the
                  <ref target="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/">e-Codices project</ref>). Links are
               provided from the exercises to records provided by the institutions that own the
               manuscripts (or to e-Codices, for those institutions served by that project), which
               provides more information about the manuscripts as well as more complete images for
               many although not all of the exercises. I would not mind seeing more early examples,
               or a few from the British Isles, but that could also be my Anglo-Saxon bias showing.
               I certainly have no complaint about the general coverage offered now. </p>
            <p xml:id="p0003">The exercises may be navigated by chronology, language, or according
               to level of difficulty. Exercises are included from the ninth to the fifteenth
               centuries, with more representing the later centuries. Twenty-two exercises are in
               Latin and five are in French, all of the latter from the thirteenth century and later
               as one would expect. Levels of difficulty are "easy" (seven exercises), "average"
               (eleven) and "difficult" (nine). There is no indication on the site how level of
               difficulty is determined (what is the difference between a rather difficult average
               exercise and a not-too-difficult exercise?). However in the exercises I tried I could
               not really argue too much with the determination.</p>
            <p xml:id="p0004">Each exercise is organized into zones. The introduction provides a
               brief description of the document (in French only). Beneath the Introduction is the
               image of the medieval document. Next is the transcription zone, with a series of
               boxes arranged into lines, each box corresponding to a word on the image. At the very
               bottom of the exercise is the solution zone, where users may sneak a peek at
               transcriptions provided by the site. A user manual provides complete instructions on
               how to use the site, although it is pretty self-explanatory and I found it easy to
               get started without referring to the user manual.</p>
            <p><figure xml:id="figure0001">
                  <graphic n="1001" url="support/Fig1.jpg"/>
                  <figDesc>A sample exercise</figDesc>
               </figure></p>
 
            <p xml:id="p0005">As mentioned above, the introductions are only provided in French. I
               found them easy to understand, having a very minor familiarity with French and access
               to a French-English dictionary. They are quite short. </p>
            <p xml:id="p0006">Each word on the image has been bounded with a box, and a click on the
               word will pop up a larger image of the word and will also take the cursor into the
               appropriate box in the transcription zone. This is a very nice feature for the
               beginner, and I would think it would be especially helpful as one works to become
               familiar with the sometimes inconsistent word spacing found in medieval writing. For
               the more advanced student it would, I think, be less useful, even distracting.
               Certainly as one works through the exercises and becomes more comfortable with word
               spacing it would become more and more unnecessary. Pop-up images of each word are
               also visible in the transcription zone even when the full text view is not visible -
               clicking in a word box will bring up a small image of the corresponding word. In
               addition a click on a word in the solutions section will bring one back to the image,
               where the bounding box shows which word has been clicked as well as the transcription
               for that word directly on the image.</p>
            <p xml:id="p0007">The design of the exercises, which use the word as the central
               organizing principle, may be the site's main weakness. Many of the wide varieties of
               medieval scripts are notable for lacking spaces between words, and as one moves from
               being a beginning to an intermediate student of paleography it is important to take
               on more responsibility for the identification, not only of individual letters but
               also of words and phrases. Another related criticism is that the focus on individual
               words distracts from the context in which those words live. Assuming that most
               students of paleography are learning the practical identification skills in order to
               apply them to actually reading, comprehending and interpreting texts, focusing on
               words with little regard to context is a major weakness. </p>
            <p xml:id="p0008">To be fair, there is a lot to appreciate in this site. Like my
               favorite sites and tools (including the <ref
                  target="http://www.tapor.uvic.ca/~mholmes/image_markup/index.php">UVic Image
                  Markup Tool</ref>, which was used here to encode the images), it does one thing and
               it does it well. As an introductory site for people just beginning to approach
               medieval writing, I don't know of a better, more practical approach. <ref
                  target="http://www.medieval.unimelb.edu.au/ductus/demo/">Ductus</ref>, which is
               fairly well-known, although I do not know how widely used it is, is both less
               practical and more well-rounded, supplying much more contextual information about
               specific texts and scripts. One might conceive of a course that uses both resources,
               starting with the easiest exercises from the Interactive Album, then moving to Ductus
               for more context and more free-form transcription, returning occasionally to the
               Album for more difficult exercises. Having created such a good introductory site,
               however, I would suggest that the site designers consider how they might extend the
               practical approach to a more advanced approach. Not necessarily for more difficult
               texts - indeed, some of the example texts provided now are quite sophisticated both
               for the script and for the number and types of abbreviations and ligatures - but a
               slightly different way to run the exercises without focusing so strongly on the word
               as the organizing principle. It should also be mentioned that the site is very
               attractive: clear, uncluttered, easy to navigate and easy to use. I particularly like
               how, no matter which navigational view you choose, thumbnail images and short
               descriptions alternate from left to right as the exercises are listed down the page,
               rather than all thumbnail images being on the left and descriptions on the right.
               This makes it quite easy to see which description goes with which image, and it just
               looks good.</p>
            <p>
               <figure xml:id="figure0002">
                  <graphic n="1002" url="support/Fig2.jpg"/>
                  <figDesc>13th century exercises in alternating view</figDesc>
               </figure></p>
            <p xml:id="p0009">For those interested in creating their own paleography exercises
               following this model, the development team has made their code and workflow public
               through the University of Victoria Image Markup Tool site.</p>
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